TO: Mrs. Sadie Campbell President Jamaica Progressive League [NY/USA] 2230 Lite Street Bronx, NY, USA [Btw. Dyre Ave./233 St.] Phone: 718-994-5496 E-mail: 592@hotmail.com

FROM: Ras E.S.P. Mc Pherson Founder Chairman ETHIOPIA NATIONAL FRONT (ENF) – ENF Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation; ENF Publishers, Productions & Distributors International;

Founder Co-Chairman Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY);

Founder Co-Chairman Moa Anbessa (MOA) (“The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee”/ now – Ethiopians for a Constitutional Monarchy) (USA/Jamaica);

Ilect of Throne of The Nyahbinghi Order of His Majesty Rastafari International Coordinating Working Committee (RICWC);

Chairman of the Pan Africanist Movement (PAM) – Constitutional Committee (Jamaica);

Negusa Nagast [Deputy Grand Master]

Queen of Sheba & Pharaohs Masonic Movement (QS&PMM) – Education & Research Foundation;

Founding Executive and Chairman of Foreign Affairs Sub Committee of the Rastafari National Council for Inity (RNCI-USA) Southern Region;

Member of the RNCI-USA Southern Region Prison Outreach Program (POP);

Member of the Organization of African American Rastafari Unity (OAARU);

Nominee of the African Union 6th Region (Harlem Community Council of “13” Elders);

Isi Bongo .

WRITE TO: 2507 Holland Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA. E-mail: rastaology@hotmail.com Phone: 212-694-1610

RE: ENF/EJSNY/MOA/RNCI SEEKS THE JPL ENDORSEMENT OF: THE ETHIO-RASTAFARI INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC POLICY AGENDA TO THE JAMAICA PRIME MINISTER

Perfect Love President Campbell.

Fraternal Greetings to the historic - Jamaica Progressive League (JPL) [NY-USA], from the Founding Executives, Members, Local and International Affiliates of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF); the Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY), Moa Anbessa (“Ethiopians for a Constitutional Monarchy”) (USA/Jamaica), the Pan Africanist Movement – Constitutional Committee (Jamaica); and, The Nyahbinghi Order of His Majesty Rastafari International Coordinating Working Committee (RICWC).

Fraternal Greetings from, the Founding Executives, Members, local and International Affiliates of the newly formed (February 11, 2007) Rastafari National Council for Inity (RNCI-USA) Southern Region, the RNCI-USA Southern Region Prison Outreach Program (POP); and the fast growing national umbrella organization, the Organization of African American Rastafari Unity (OAARU).

As one of the three of five Nominees of the African Union 6th Region (Nominated by the Harlem Community Council of “13” Elders), We bring the JPL fraternal greetings from the historic loci of, Harlem, and “Africans sovereign oasis,” the African Union, and its related arms. ^^^^^^^ We are honored to address your Honorable Executives, at this crucial juncture of history – in Jamaica and the Caribbean, the USA, ‘the Americas,’ internationally – as on Our Continent of Africa (especially in Ethiopia – the oldest Christian Nation and the permanent H. Q. of the African Union).

Following Our phone calls to you on February (19th and) 20th, and your instruction to – briefly – reassert Our respectful request to the JPL [NY-USA] who were meeting today, We write/send you this e-mail.

We the ENF – your local Affiliate, the EJSNY and MOA – your local and first international Affiliate, calls upon the Jamaica Progressive League Executive to collectively endorse Our: THE ETHIO-RASTAFARI INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC POLICY AGENDA TO JAMAICA PRIME MINISTER.

We have explained in details the essential substance of it; the objective desires to flow from in – in terms of “the new vista” that it will bring to the Jamaica, the Caribbean and African Diaspora landscapes. And here, We appreciate wholeheartedly, the in depth manner of the responses, advice, counsel and encouragement, We had from you, Madam President, throughout this process – via phone.

As We stated Honorable President, Our presentation is entitled: REAL “INDEPENDENCE” VIA “CULTURAL SOVEREIGNTY/IDENTITY”: PAN-FEDERAL POLITICS; “THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INVESTMENT CULTURE” AND “THE NEW EDUCATION”: THE QUEST TO PROTECT ETHIOPIA’S SOVEREIGNTY AND ETHIOPIAN IDENTITY. THE ETHIO-RASTAFARI INTERNATIONAL AGENDA – FOR JAMAICA: A ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT (ENF) PUBLIC POLICY POSITION AGENDA PRESENTED TO THE MOST HON. PORTIA SIMPSON MILLER, PRIME MINISTER OF JAMAICA, OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER, 2 Dean Road, Kingston 10, Jamaica.

The title speaks for itself; the sub titles immediately bespeaks of the areas of Our main “shared” concern. The essence of the fifteen point items/issues that this timely “Public Policy Position Paper” Agenda addresses are:

1. THE ROLE OF THE OAU – AFRICAN UNION: PAN AFRICAN PARLIAMENT; “CAUTION” NEPAD

2. RESTORE THE JAMAICAN EMBASSY IN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

3. THE PROPOSED VISIT OF THE PM OF ETHIOPIA, TO JAMAICA, AT THE INVITATION OF, THE ROYAL ETHIOPIA JUDA COPTIC CHURCH, A ETHIO-RASTAFARI MANSION/FORMATION, SHOULD BE CO-SPONSORED BY BOTH THE JAMAICAN GOVERNMENT (INCLUSIVE OF THE PRESENT JAMAICAN GOVERNMENT OPPOSITION). THIS SHOULD BE FURTHER BY A FOCUSED AGENDA, with the objectives of finding resolve and answers to a number issues and factors that directly relate to Ethiopia-Jamaica relations:

3a. RETURN OF CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER IN ETHIOPIA; The Restoration of the Solomonic Order in Ethiopia, in the forms of a Constitutional Monarchy – via a real Federal, or, Unitary State, “democratically” elected by the People.

3b. NOTE “THE CROWN COUNCIL OF ETHIOPIA” – RELATIONS WITH JAMAICA GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE

3 c. NOTE RECENT VISITS TO JA/CARIBBEAN

3d. NOTE THE ROLE OF MOA ANBESSA (“THE CONQUERING LION ORGANIZING COMMITTEE” – now renamed: “ETHIOPIANS FOR A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY”)

3e. INITIATE RELATIONS WITH THE (HEAD OF THE) OPPOSITION IN ETHIOPIA, AS TOO, OPEN REASONING WITH OROMO OPPOSITION PARTIES/FORCES, WITH A VIEW OF GETTING FIRST HAND INFORMATION ON “THE NATURE” OF THEIR STRUGGLE, ESPECIALLY AS IT AFFECTS ETHIOPIA-JAMAICA RELATIONS AND THE RASTAFARI (INTERNATIONAL) COMMUNITY

3f. FULL RESTITUTION OF THE SHASHEMANE LAND GRANT. - HISTORY OF THE LAND - QUESTIONS OF “HEREDITARY LAND” BEQUEATHED, - NATIONAL LAND TENURE LAWS, AND - INTERNATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW;

3g. ETHNO-POLITICS/ETHNIC FEDERALISM; THE COMING OROMO IMPLOSION

3h. - “CAUTION” ‘ANTI-DUAL CITIZENSHIP” OF ETHIOPIA/FDRE - “CAUTION” NEPAD REPRESENTS ANOTHER OF ‘THE OLD’ MAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES - “CAUTION” FURTHER DISINTEGRATION OF ETHIOPIA – ETHIOPIA-ERITREA WAR

4. NEW “NATIONAL HOLIDAYS”: INCLUSION OF ETHIO-JAMAICAN AND “AFRICAN INTERNATIONAL” DATES:

Jan. 7/Timkat – Ethiopian Christmas;

March 1 – the Battle of Adowa, 1892;

April 21-23 – H.I.M. Haile Selassie 1 Visit to Jamaica; May 25, OAU formation: Africa Liberation Day;

June 10 – the passing of The Rt. Hon. Marcus Mosiah Garvey; June 16 – Ethiopia’s [Ethiopians] Constitution Day;

July 23, H.I.M. Birth/Earthday;

August 17 – Marcus Garvey’s Birth/Earth day – An International Holiday; September 11 – Ethiopia’s New Year;

November 2nd – H.I.M. Coronation;

etc. Ghana’s Freedom Day, Sharpeville Massacre; Soweto Riots; AU formation date;

the National Holidays of Southern African states – that Jamaica stood with throughout the Liberation Struggles. etc…

5. NEW NATIONAL IKONS: HEROES; JAMAICAN-HAITIAN HEROES; AFRICAN NATIONALISTS IN JAMAICA: RASTAFARI PRECURSORS; EARLIEST RASTAFARI FOUNDERS (KUMINA/CUMINA; ETHIOPIAN MASONIC/JUDEO-APOSTOLIC ORIENTATIONS/LITURGY); QUESTION “DUAL NATIONAL HEROES,” Walter Rodney, Guyana; Bookman/Macandal, Haiti “General” Tacky – The Okamfo/Obi [Priest] Cudjoe Bookman and Mackandal Alexander Bedward/”Bro. Bedward” – N. B. 1921 Peoples’ March ambushed! N. B. “THE RE-CANONIZATION” OF THE RT. HON. “SAINT” MARCUS MOSIAH GARVEY – in South Africa/Jamaica/USA-Internationally. [Robert Hinds] Bro. Leonard Percival Howell Bro. Joseph/Josiah Hibbert Bro. Archibald Henry Dunkley Amy Jacques Garvey Bro. L. F. Mantle – the EWF Ras Boanerges/Bongo Watu Bro. Emmanuel Charles Edward Dr. Walter Rodney = Dual National Hero? Bro. Gad/Carrington Ras Martimo Planno

6. THE COMPREHENSIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF DUAL CITIZENSHIP JAMAICA’S ROLE CARICOM – HAITI – CUBA? OAS ‘COMMONWEALTH’

7. PRO-ACTIVE DUAL CITIZENSHIP

8. REPARATIONS HISTORICAL RASTAFARI HISTORY REVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS, THE DURBAN DECLARATION, …; EARTH SUMMIT DECLARATION, …

- Thothmoses 111 “Tekem”/Obelisk in Central Par, New York, USA, Needs to Repatriated to Kemet/ KMT/ Egypt – and from all throughout Europe.

Thus, the Jamaica Government and all African Freemason (and other Masons/Mechanics) in Jamaica should also, officially call for/fully support the restoration of this ancient “cultural treasure,” to its rightful place, Karnak, Egypt.

- Establish a fact finding research on this subject Enter into a working alliance with others spearheading such quests: e. g. the African Burial Ground Society; and in the U. K., AFROMET Enjoin the call for the Madaqla Treasures from Britain, stolen during the invasion of Ethiopia by Britain, that led to the death of King Theodore and thousands of brave and innocent Ethiopians…

9. REPATRIATION Ja/Ghana Centennial Celebration – MUST ACKNOWLEDGE. “THE RITE/RIGHT” of RETURN - HISTORICAL – KUSHITES; KENECUFFES/MAROONS – Jamaica to Novia Scotia to Sierra Leone - MARCUS GARVEY/UNIA-ACL TO LIBERIA SABOTAGED - 1955 Sheshamane land grant - 1961 MISSION TO 5 AFRICAN STATES AFFIRMING REPATRIATION VIA “LAND GRANTS” - H.I.M. 1968 Land Grant, Chicago - Prof. Rex Nettleford, Don Mills, et. al., TECHNICAL MISSION REPORT - NEW FOCUS – VIA “AFRICAN RENAISSANCE” AFOOT: SOUTH AFRICA; GHANA;

10. RESTITUTION OF LAND/RECOGNITION OF TREATIES: MAROON TOWNS; PINNACLE - N. B.: THE SAVE PINNACLE AS A NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL HERITAGE SITE (UNESCO) CAMPAIGN

11. REAL “INDEPENDENCE” VIA “CULTURAL SOVEREIGNTY/IDENTITY”; PAN-FEDERAL POLITICS; REVIVE IN FULL THE CONSTITUTIONAL RENEWAL PROCESS: - ABOLISH THE QUEEN AS THE EXECUTIVE HEAD OF STATE; - NEW JURISPRUDENCE; CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM VIA “THE PEOPLE’S ASSEMBLY”; INITIATE A STUDY ON THE MERITS OF JAMAICA REMAINING IN THE COMMONWEALTH; AND VIA A SPECIAL REFERENDUM VOTE ON THIS ISSUE, AND LET THE PEOPLES’ VOICE BE HEARD! ENF COMING INPUT IN THE NEW– “WEST INDIAN COMMISSION” INTRODUCTION OF A BILL OF RIGHTS, CIVIC EDUCATION, ESTABLISH anti-DISCRIMINATION LAWS AND APOLOGIZE TO THE RASTAFARI COMMUNITY: VIA ESTABLISHMENT OF A TRUTH COMMISSION; RENEW AFRICAN FOCUS/FOREIGN AFFAIRS/RELATIONS; NEW REGIONAL (CARICOM), HEMISPHERIC (OAS) FURTHER EMPOWERMENT OF OMBUDSMAN APPOINT FOUR RASTAFARI SENATORS

12. DECRIMINALIZATION OF HERBS/GANJA: ACT NOW UPON THE COMMISSIONS FINDINGS ECO-CULTURAL TOURIST INDUSTRY GANJA CURE FOR GLAUCOMA BY JAMAICA DOCTORS; THEREFORE, ESTABLISH “GANJA STATE FARMS” FOR PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY – RELATIONS WITH CUBA – WORLDWIDE SALE ASSURED ESTABLISH HEMP FARMS NATIONALLY; ISSUE GOVERNMENT LICENSE PRISON REFORM – AND INTRODUCTION OF GANJA FOR WORSHIP/LITURGY/MEDICINAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY Yearly Int. herb Expo

13. “THE NEW EDUCATION” VIA “RASTAOLOGY” NEW CURRICULA MAKE COMPULSORY AN ARRAY OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES TO BE TAUGHT IN ALL SCHOOLS Swhali; Amharic; Geez; Twi, Mandingo, Ga; Arabic - MAKE COMPULSORY THE TEACHING OF “PSYCHOLOGY” THROUGHOUT THE EDUCATION SYSTEM - MAKE COMPULSORY THE TEACHING AND STUDY OF “SELF RELIANCE” AS THE BEST VIABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY. - IDENTIFY - IDENTIFYING NEW HISTORICAL PRESERVATION SITES VIA RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION Maroon History – Towns - MAROONS NEED TO ATONE TO REIGNITE THE “CHARGE,” as was done in Ghana…

N. B. Upon Cudjoe’s signing, “the Maroons became Marooned; they became the embryonic base for the emerging Police Force – that ‘killed, maimed, captured and hanged those responsible/not responsible for the “Morant War,” erroneously called a, ‘Rebellion.’ Hanging …., That was a war! - August Town – First Free Town - Pinnacle – First Free Village site/Rasta site - Crawle River/Crooked River, Clarendon; Benoah, Portland

14. - “COLLECTIVE SECURITY” - NATIONAL FEDERAL SECURITY - ? the role of Community Policing/Civic Building Army

15. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INVESTMENT CULTURE: EDUCATION AND THE FINE ARTS ECO-CULTURAL TOURISM INITIATE GOVT. SUPPORT INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL TOURIST PROJECTS

^^^^^^^

This is a Draft presentation of Our presentation; You, Our Founding and local and international Affiliate are privy to; no other – for now.

This is most “historic”; as the last local formation to sign on, your affirmation today, will be honorably recorded by Our history – in Jamaica – throughout the Caribbean and among ALL African People – especially when they “locate” the origins of the JPL – in the USA and Jamaica. The EJSNY/MOA/ENF and its Honorable Local and International Affiliates have UNITED all Our Pro-Ethiopian, Pan-Africanist, Africanists and Nationalist formation, all throughout the USA, Jamaica, the Caribbean, and Africa – especially in Ethiopia and South Africa to ENDORSE this Public Policy Agenda.

Again, Honorable President, We invite you and, or, your Honorable Officer(s) to speak to the RNCI-USA Southern Region, and as such, to the world at large – by Our tele-Reasoning facilities that We have organized. We hope this will be the first of many visitations by the JPL to the RNCI information/communication “portal” that the Founding Executives of the RNCI have established. The People need to know more about the JPL and its ongoing and future planned activities, so that We might work “together,” especially as it relates to the macro-development of Jamaica and the “supra national” issues of Africa and Africans.

The number to call today at 7 p. m. EST, is: 218-486-1300; then enter six digits: 391 263. You will then be asked to say your name; then you will be welcomed by the Chairperson, who will offer ten minutes or more of the program to the JPL – for Fraternal Greetings; Public Affirmation of “Our” Agenda; and any issue that the JPL might deem necessary now – on in the future – especially as it relates to Jamaica, the Rastafari International Community, the Caribbean, Africa and Africans, e. g. the AU, PAP, etc. We thank you; your Executivs; Membership at large; and, your local and international Affiliates for this opportunity to address you.

I am Yours Faithfully ……………………………….. Ras E.S.P. Mc Pherson

P. S.: We are in (indirect) contact with Bro. Jimmy Tucker, via one of “Our” other AFFILIATE, Jamaica Creative Artist Action Network (JACAAN), in the manner and able personage of Sis. Maxine Stowe, Founder Chair of JACAAN. We have gathered Bro. Jimmy is about to release a book dealing with these “sovereign and cultural matters.” This too, will complement Our presentation.

And unless We forget, he was the Founding point Officer for the JPL, at the formation of the EJS/MOA, in December of 1991; and, the JPL is an member of the PAM.

Let Us not forget also that the JPL historic call for a “Monarchial Republic,” in 1991, is still on records, and will now more than ever, serve a great purpose in the civic debate that is about to ensue in Jamaica (and the Caribbean) because of the policy alternative/development model, that “Our” Agenda represent and implies. History in the makings…

Our ANNEX is for your RECORDS; so too are Our sources shared. They will guide you to the see the organic development of the EJSNY/MOA/ENF activities that has amounted to this.

We have also sent a copy of the historic and now, obviously, relevant Paper, by the EJSNY/ENF/MOA, to the PAC 7th Conference that was wisely co-endorsed by the JPL [NY-USA/Ja.]..

E.S.P. Mc Pherson B.A. (Hons.), RASTAFARI and POLITICS: Sixty Years of a Developing Cultural ideology. A Sociology of Development Perspective, (Black International Iyahbinghi Press, Frankfield P.O., Clarendon, Jamaica), September 2nd 1991 [= H.I.M. traveled to Jamaica]. [Ibid, Selected Speeches…, PART 1 – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, pp. 101-102.] ADDRESSES HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT IN JAMAICA, April [22], 1966. [Ibid, Selected Speeches…, PART 3 – PERSONAL DIPLOMACY, pp. 140-144.] …

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton Co-Chairman of The Ethiopia Jamaica Society; Co-Chairman of Mo-Anbessa Provisional Steering Committee, “Letter To: His Imperial Highness/Majesty Of Ethiopia Emperor Amha Selassie I, Her Imperial Highness Empress Medferiah Work Of Ethiopia, His Imperial Highness Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie I; c/o Bro. Dr. Getachew Mekasha, Private Secretary of His Imperial Majesty, [dated] (September 4, 1992)”

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder, Chairman of The Ethiopian National Front (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation [Inc.]; Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee) (MOA) (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of The Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY); c/o…., Bronx, New York 10466, USA…., Reports/Letter TO: H. R. H. Prince Ermias Sahle-Selassie Chairman of The Crown Council of Ethiopia - and H. R. H. Prince Bekere Fikre-Selassie Viceroy/Enderasse of The Crown Council of Ethiopia…..; RE: “EDUCATION FOR GOVERNANCE IN ETHIOPIA (: AFRICA):The Liberation of Ethiopia, Ethiopians, and the Ethio-diaspora,” November 19th, 1998.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) [M. Sc. Hons.], RASTAFARI/RASTAOLOGY: AN INDIGENOUS CULTURE AND SCHOLARSHIP IN THE MIDST OF THE AMERICAS. Notes Towards the incorporation of AFRO-CARIBBEAN STUDIES INTO THE NEW & EVOLVING AFRICAN-CENTERED CURRICULA OF THE USA EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, (Prepared for the C. E. P./Comprehensive Educational Plan, Inc. - for the Board of Education Title One Committee Conference, held at Megar Evers College, Brooklyn, (Saturday June 10th, 1999); (2507 Holland Avenue, Bronx, New York 10467, USA; Website: http://members.tripod.com/~rastaology E-Mail: kumina@tbol.net.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. - Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF); Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society - New York Chapter (EJSNY), “THE WATCHERS FROM WITHIN”: THE THRONE & THE CROWN A Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY), Mo-Anbessa (Conquering Lion Organizing Committee) (USA/Jamaica), Ethiopian National Front (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation, [Inc.] PRO-ACTIVE AGENDA, for Meeting between H. R. H. PRINCE BEKERE FIKRE-SELASSIE - ENDERASSE and VICEROY OF THE CROWN COUNCIL OF ETHIOPIA and RAS E.S.P. MC PHERSON - Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF);Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society - New York Chapter (EJSNY), held…. [in the] Bronx, on the 29th of January, 1998, [3. 40 p. m.-6.45 p. m.].

“ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT CONTINENTAL & DIASPORA PRO-ACTIVE SOVEREIGN CONSTITUTIONAL AGENDA: ‘World Leaders, what about Ethiopia? Africa must be free!” (1997); ratified on the 29th of January, 1998, at an Audience [/Meeting] between H. R. H. PRINCE BEKERE FIKRE-SELASSIE - ENDERASSE and VICEROY OF THE CROWN COUNCIL OF ETHIOPIA and RAS E.S.P. MC PHERSON - Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF);Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society - New York Chapter (EJSNY), held…. [in the] Bronx, on the 29th of January, 1998, [3. 40 p. m.-6.45 p. m.] READINGS Garvey, Amy Jacques (Introduction by John Henrik Clarke), GARVEY AND GARVEYISM, (Collins Books London), third printing 1974.

Garvey, Amy Jacques, “The Early Years of Marcus Garvey Garvey" ,” in John Henrik Clarke Edited/Introduced - with Commentaries) (Assisted by Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa, (Vintage Books - Random House New York), January 1974. Garvey, Amy Jacques, and E. U. Essien-Udom (Edited) More Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey Garvey" , Volume III, (Frank Cass and Company Ltd. Gainsborough House/Road, England), 1977.

Garvey-Jacques, Amy (edited) (Prefaced by Hollis R. Lynch), Philosophy & Opinions of Marcus Garvey Garvey" Vols. 1 and II, (Atheneum New York), 1977.

Garvey, Marcus, “AFRICA’S WEALTH,” (Written April 18, 1923) ibid, Philosophy & Opinions of Marcus Garvey Garvey" , Volume II, Part 1, p. 63.

Garvey, Marcus, “The Tragedy of White Injustice,” in Robert A. Hill (Editor), Barbara Bair (Associate Editor), MARCUS GARVEY LIFE AND LESSONS LIFE AND LESSONS" A Centennial Companion to THE MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION PAPERS, (University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London), 1987, pp. 119-139; also in ibid, Marcus Garvey Garvey" , “THE WHITE MAN’S GAME; HIS VANITY FAIR (With Apology to All Honest Friends),” in The Negro World, Vol. XXII No. 5, New York, Saturday June 1927.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.), “BROTHER BEDWARD,” (Black International Iyahbinghi Press, Jamaica), March 1984; Second Printing April 1984; Third Printing June 1986; Revised Edition (published by Ethiopian National Front Publishers, Productions & Distributors International, 2507 Holland Avenue, Bronx, New York USA), May 2000, especially Chapter 4 GARVEY AND BEDWARD: MOSES AND AARON, pp. 27-33.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P., “BROTHER BEDWARD” - A Reason Presented by E.S.P. Mc Pherson B.A. (Hons.) (UWI), At the Chapleton & District Historical Society - Public Meeting, Thursday 24th of May, 1984, 7.00 p.m., At Salem United Church, Chapleton, Jamaica, (Black International Iyahbinghi Press, Frankfield P. O., Clarendon), March 1985

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front, (Transcribed, Edited, Researched & Introduced), An ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT “STATE OF THE NATION ADDRESS TO SOUTH AFRICA RASTAFARI & PAN-AFRICANIST COMMUNITY. On Ras Dexter Mauritz, Hosted and Ras Leonard ‘Lenny’ Galant, Guest Co-Hosted, “Level the Vibes,” Bush Radio, 89.5 FM, Cape Town, South Africa, Thursday, May 10, 2001, [4.30 p. m.-5.30 p. m. – New York/USA time], Copy Rights Reserved: (Ethiopian National Front Publishers, Productions & Distributors International, 2507 Holland Avenue, Bronx, 10467, USA), April 2005.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. (Taped/Transcribed/Edited), DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE RASTAFARI COMMUNITY: HUMAN RIGHTS IN JAMAICA (& THE AMERICAS), (An Ethiopian National Front (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation PRE-RELEASE Production), November 9, 1993; August 2000.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P., Rastafari and Politics: Sixty Years of a Developing Cultural Ideology. A Sociology of Development Perspective, (Black International Iyahbinghi Press, Frankfield P. O., Clarendon, Jamaica), September 1991.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P., From “THE BLACK CHURCHES...” - A HISTORIOGRAPHIC TAXONOMY OF RELIGIONS IN JAMAICA - BOOK ONE, (Black International Iyahbinghi Press, Frankfield P. O., Clarendon, Jamaica), July 1988; RAS, UK, …, ….; (March 1991); … A & B, USA.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P., “My Generation Will Make The Change.” - The proceedings of the Launching of Rastafari and Politics: Sixty Years of a Developing Cultural Ideology......., (Black International Iyahbinghi Press, Frankfield P. O., Clarendon, Jamaica), ...1991.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. Mc Pherson (Introduced and Compiled), The Most Honorable “Marcus” Upon South Africa/Azania, (Black International Iyahbinghi Press, Frankfield P. O. Box 15, Clarendon, Jamaica), February 1984.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P., From RASTAOLOGY to PAN-ETHIOPIANIZATION, (1st published, Feb 2000, Sept 2000, Dec 2000, Feb 2001; re-published by Ethiopian National Front Publishers, Productions & Distributors International, 2507 Holland Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA), October 2002; released) June 2005.

“RENEWAL OF PETITION OF THE UNIA & ACL TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS; September, 1928 - Upon South Africa & South West Africa.” Ibid, More Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey Garvey" Vol. 3 Previously Unpublished Papers, pp. 200-224. Rubins, Vera and Lambros Comitas, Ganja in Jamaica, (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books), 1976.

Speech by Marcus Garvey Garvey" [LIBERTY HALL Garvey [LIBERTY HALL" , NEW YORK, NOV. 11, 1923],” section called: DESTROY THE OLD EDUCATION, in Robert Hill (Edited), THE MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION PAPERS, (University of California Press), 1986, pp. 520-524.

The “Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World” was drafted at the UNIA Convention held in New York, 1920,

JOURNAL/MAGAZINES

Mc Pherson, E.S.P., ...A Voice Crying Out In The Wilderness - A Marcus Mosiah Garvey Centenary Celebration Presentation, (Black International Iyahbinghi Press…, Clarendon, Jamaica).

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) (Taped and Transcribed), “Bishop Tutu‘s Speech at the Wreath Laying Ceremony to mark the 99th Anniversary of the Birth of Black Internationalist and Jamaica’s first National Hero, the Rt. Excellent Marcus Mosiah Garvey Mosiah Garvey" at the National Heroes Park, August 17, 1986.” NAM:NAM" Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 3, March 1990, pp. 1-10.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. B.A.(Hons.) (Taped and Transcribed), “BISHOP TUTU’S MESSAGE TO REPRESENTATIVES OF ANTI-APARTHEID GROUPS AND PEOPLE IN JAMAICA, AT THE RANNY WILLIAMS ENTERTAINMENT CENTER, HELD SUNDAY, AUGUST 18, 1986.” NAM:NAM" Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 2, August, 1988, pp. 11-13. Mc Pherson, E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) (Taped and Transcribed), “BROTHER NELSON MANDELA’S FIRST SPEECH AFTER HIS RELEASE FROM PRISON, FEBRUARY 11, 1990, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA.” NAM:NAM" Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 3, March 1990, pp.1-7.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) (Taped and Transcribed), “BROTHER Oliver Tambo – President of the African national congress Speech at The PNP-ANC Public Lecture, held at the Assembly Hall, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica, Sunday July 5, 1987.” NAM:NAM" Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 3, March, 1988, pp. 8-13.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. (Edited and Compiled), “EDITORIAL/ INTRODUCTION,” NAM:NAM" CIRCULAR No. 3 March, 1990, pp. v-viii.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) (Taped and Transcribed), “Extracts from Rev. Jesse Jackson speaking at the Assembly Hall, Mona Campus, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.” NAM:NAM" Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 2, August, 1988, p. 24.

Mc Pherson, Everton (Founder Chairman & General Secretary of N.A.M. Movement:N.A.M." - The National Anti-apartheid Movement A Southern African Liberation Working Committee), “Letter to: The Rt. Rev. Bishop Desmond Tutu and Family, RE: WELCOME TO A BLACK INTERNATIONALIST PATRIOT AND CHRISTIAN, 12 September, 1986,” NAM:NAM" Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 1..., pp. 31-32.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. (Edited and Compiled), N.A.M. Movement:N.A.M." – The National Anti-apartheid Movement A Southern African Liberation Committee Motto is: “EDUCATION IS LIBERATION; ORGANIZE AND CENTRALIZE Movement:EDUCATION IS LIBERATION; ORGANIZE AND CENTRALIZE" ,” CIRCULAR No. 2 August, 1988 Dedicated to Brother Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday, the Mandela Family, ALL Political Prisoners, SWAPO and Namibia Day Celebrated annually every 26th of August.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. (Edited and Compiled), N.A.M. Movement:N.A.M." – The National Anti-apartheid Movement A Southern African Liberation Committee Motto is: “EDUCATION IS LIBERATION; ORGANIZE AND CENTRALIZE Movement:EDUCATION IS LIBERATION; ORGANIZE AND CENTRALIZE" ,” CIRCULAR No. 3 March, 1990.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P., Ugly Pretoria, (Black International Iyahbinghi Press, Frankfield P. O., Clarendon, Jamaica), May-June 1984; second printing, October 1985.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) (Taped and Transcribed), “When Apartheid Goes: in South – The Third World Magazine, section called ‘The South African Crisisn Crisis" ,’ pp. 15-16, July 1986.” In NAM:NAM" Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 2, August, 1988, pp. 19-23. Mc Pherson, “Everton B.A. (Hons.), NAM:NAM" ‘S President and General Secretary, Frankfield, P. O., July 15, 1986, Letter to The Rt. Hon. Edward Seaga P. M. Of Jamaica & Government Movement:Letter to The Rt. Hon. Edward Seaga P. M. Of Jamaica & Government" & Government" .” In NAM Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 2, August, 1988, p. 31.

Mc Pherson, (Ras) Everton (Founder Chairman & General Secretary of NAM:NAM" & ILA - the Ithiopian Liberation Army - An African Liberation Working Committee of the Youth Black Faith: Order of the Nyahbinghi: Order of His Majesty), “Letter to The President - General Of The African National Congress Bro. Oliver Tambo & A.N.C. Delegation, RE: Welcome Bro. Tambo & A.N.C. Officials, July 3 1987,” NAM, Circular No. 3 March 90, pp. 14-17.

“Mc Pherson, Everton B.A. (Hons.), NAM:NAM" ‘S Chairman and General Secretary, Frankfield, P. O., August 16, 1986, Letter to The Rt. Rev. Bishop Desmond Tutu and Family. RE: WELCOME TO A BLACK INTERNATIONALIST PATRIOT AND CHRISTIAN.” In NAM Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 2, August, 1988, p. 31.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) (Taped and Transcribed), “When Apartheid Goes” in South – The Third World Magazine, section called ‘The South African Crisisn Crisis" ,’ pp. 15-16, July 1986.” In NAM:NAM" Circular Movement:NAM Circular" No. 2, August, 1988, pp. 19-23.

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton Co-Chairman, Ras Howard Gouldbourne Co-Chairman, Sis. Dawn White Treasurer, “The Ethiopia Jamaica Society Letter to the OAU’s Chairman and General Secretary”, (January 13th, 1992) [that was dispatched by the Nigerian based High Commissioner; a copy of which was delivered by the world renown tireless advocate, Heroine - Queen Mother Moore to The African Council of Elders, in the aftermath of her leaving Jamaica on the 14th of January, 1992].” ETHIOPIA JAMAICA SOCIETY NEWSLETTER Vol. 1 No. 1, …, …1992, pp. [2]

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton/I. I. Iyundah (Founder Chairman & General Secretary of NAM:NAM" & ILA), “Letter to Queen Elizabeth 11 - as Head of the Commonwealth, July 17, 1986, July 17, 1986" , July 17, 1986" , RE: YOUR SANCTIONS UPON SOUTH AFRICA - NOW Movement:YOUR SANCTIONS UPON SOUTH AFRICA - NOW" ,” NAM, Circular No. 1, Oct. 86, pp. 37-8.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder Chairman Ethiopian National Front (ENF), FROM RASTAOLOGY TO PAN-ETHIOPIANIZATION TO PAN-ETHIOPIANIZATION" - series of four installment – entitled – respectively: “The Coming of The African Century/Renaissance Century/Renaissance" ,” UJAMA…, Vol. One Issue One, Feb 2000, pp. 3-6;

“ETHIOPIANISM-OF-OLD, PAN-AFRICANISM, MODERN ETHIOPIANISM, RASTAFARI & RASTAOLOGY,” UJAMA, Vol. One Issue No. 3, Sept 2000, pp. 6-11; “THE ETHIO-DIASPORA CRY: ETHNOCIDE IN, & DISINTEGRATION OF, ETHIOPIA (/AFRICA),” UJAMA, Vol. 1 Issue No. 4, Dec 2000, pp. 12-15, 23; “THE IDEOLOGICAL FUTURE OF ETHIOPIA (/AFRICA) & THE ETHIO-DIASPORA,” UJAMA, Vol. Two Issue One, Feb 2001, pp. 6-9, 18-21.

UNPUBLISHED PAERS

Bankie, B. F., “Mortimo ‘Bro Cummie’ Planno – The Pan African Nationalist I Know Nationalist I Know" , March 2003.”

Bankie, B. F., “‘Presentation on the work of The Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS) Society (CASAS)" , and concerning the Struggle for African Nationalism at the Beginning of the New Millennium’ prepared for the 15th All African Student’s Conference, May 22nd – 24th 2003, held at the Mona Campus, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.”

Garvey, Amy Jacques, “A Memorandum Correlative of Africa, West Indies and the America, West Indies and the America" , West Indies and the America" s” [sent to United Nations representatives urging them to declare an “African Freedom Charter Freedom Charter" Freedom Charter" ”], 1944.

Garvey, Marcus, “A Talk with Afro-West Indians – The Negro Race and Its Problems – The Negro Race and Its Problems" – The Negro Race and Its Problems" – The Negro Race and Its Problems" ,” (African Communities League, Kingston), 1915.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P., “African Nationalism - (Reform or Ultra Revolutionary?) in Africa and Southern Africa,” (A Paper presented at the Southern African History Tutorial class, to Dr. Jack Bermingham - Lecturer, History Department, Mona Campus, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica), 1980.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P., “African Nationalism - (Reform or Ultra Revolutionary?) in Africa and Southern Africa,” (An Undergraduate - Southern African History Project Paper, History Department, Mona Campus, University of the West Indies), February 1981.

Mc Pherson, Everton St. P., The Validity of Oral History as a Means of Historical Investigation, A Case Study of Rastafari, (A Caribbean Studies, History Dept., Mona, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica), 1982.

Mc Pherson, Everton St. P. Mc Pherson, From “The Black Churches” To “The Nyahbinghi Order of His Majesty: The Youth Black Faith, (A H350 Project Paper, History Dept., Mona, University of the West Indies, , Kingston, Jamaica), May 1983; partially republished in the U.K. the Black International Iyahbinghi Press, and reprinted by The Rastafarian Advisory Service (RAS), 17a Netherwood Road, Hammersmith, London W14 OBL, as: From “The Black Churches..” - A Historiographic Taxonomy of Religion in Jamaica. Book One, (March 1991); … A & B, USA.

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton Co-Chairman, Ras Howard Gouldbourne Co-Chairman, Sis. Dawn White Treasurer, “The Ethiopia Jamaica Society Letter to the OAU’s Chairman and General Secretary”, (January 13th, 1992) [that was dispatched by the Nigerian based High Commissioner; a copy of which was delivered by the world renown tireless advocate, Heroine - Queen Mother Moore to The African Council of Elders, in the aftermath of her leaving Jamaica on the 14th of January, 1992].”

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. B.A.(Hons.) (Taped,Transcribed and Edited - with footnotes), ...to begin the Reclamation of Our Ethiopian Sovereignty; “REPATRIATION WITH REPARATIONS”: THE RASTAFARI AGENDA - A Challenge to The African-American Scholars, Community Activists & Politicians. A Radio Interview between Ras Negus Dawit [‘David’], Host of “Reggae Vibration,” and Ras E.S.P. Mc Pherson Founder Chairman of The Ethiopia National Front (ENF) - Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation; Founder Co-Chairman of The Ethiopia Jamaica Society - New York Chapter (EJSNY); Co-Chairman of Moa Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee) (Jamaica/New York); Negusa Nagast [Deputy Grand Master] of The Queen of Sheba & Pharaohs Masonic Movement (QS&PMM) - Education & Research Foundation, on WHCR/Harlem Community Radio 90.3 F. M., City College, Harlem, New York, New York" , U.S.A., Wednesday 17 June, 1997, 9 p.m.-12 p.m.; released as ...to begin the Reclamation of Our Ethiopian Sovereignty, a Double Cassette Project/Tapes 1 & 2, (Ethiopian National Front Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation, 2507 Holland Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA), on June 1998,

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton (Taped and Transcribed), “Talk between Bro. Prof. Peter Hlaole Molotsi - A Founder Member of the PAC and The PAC Representative at the Founding of the O.A.U. - The Organization of African Unity Unity" , at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on May 23, 1962, and Ras Everton Mc Pherson - Founder Chairman of NAM:NAM" ; Founder Chairman of ILA; President of the Black International Iyahbinghi Press; Co-Chairman of EJS; Ilect of Throne of RICWC; Chairman of PAM Constitutional Subcommittee, at the Benefit Reception held for Bro. Benny Alexander - The General Secretary of the PAC Movement:at the Benefit Reception held for Bro. Benny Alexander - The General Secretary of the PAC" , held at Okapi Restaurant, 148 Chambers St., New York, on October 13th, 1992.”

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P., Ethio-Rastafari International REPATRIATION WITH REPARATIONS: Consequences of the Romanic/Italo/Fascist Invasion of Ethiopia,1935-41, (ENF National Front:ENF" /Ethiopian National Front National Front:Ethiopian National Front" Publishers, Productions & Distributers International), May 2004; forthcoming 2005.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) (Taped, Edited and Produced), ...to begin the Reclamation of Our Ethiopian Sovereignty, Tapes 1 & 2 An Interview between Ras Negus Dawit [‘David’] Host of “Reggae Vibrations,” and Ras E.S.P. Mc Pherson…, on WHCR/Harlem Community Radio 90.3 F.M., 9 p.m.-12 p.m., City College, Harlem, New York, New York" , USA, Wednesday June 17, 1997; (Ethiopian National Front Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation, 2507 Holland Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA), released June 1998.

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton(Taped/Edited/Produced), DON’T TOUCH MY TUTU: A Collection of Bishop Tutu (& Daughter) Speeches throughout their Visit to Jamaica, August, ..-.., 1986, (Black International Iyahbinghi Press; NAM:NAM" H.Q., …; Edited at Tuff Gong Records, Marcus Garvey Garvey" Road, Kingston, Jamaica; Printed by Dynamic Records, Kingston, Jamaica), [September] 1986.

Mc Pherson, Everton, “(Answer to Question:) ‘The Jamaican Marxist experienced difficulty in coming to terms with the racial consciousness of the poor...’ Could they have done better after reading i) Arise Ye Starvelings - Ken Post; ii) The Rise of the Authoritarian State in Peripheral Societies - C. Y. Thomas?” (A M. Sc. Sociological Theory Paper, Sociology Dept., Mona, University of the West Indies), 1988/9.

Mc Pherson, Everton, “(Answer to Question:) ‘Discuss the Grenada Revolution and its termination as a case study application of Marxist theory and practice in the Caribbean.’” (A Caribbean Social Structure M. Sc. Qualifying Paper, Sociology Dept., Mona, UWI), 1986/7.

Mc Pherson, Everton St. P., From “The Black Churches” To “The Nyahbinghi Order: The Youth Black Faith,” (H350 Project Paper, History Dept., Mona, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica), May 1983.

Mc Pherson, E.S.P., RASTAOLOGY COURSE OUTLINE, (Gordon Town: Mona, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica), 1990.

Mc Pherson, Everton St. P., The Positive Relationship Between Religion and Cultural Development: A Case Study of Rastafari, ) A M. Sc. Thesis [Draft] – Sociology of Development, Sociology Department, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica), 1989-92.

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton - President of the Black International Iyahbinghi Press, Chairman of the Rastafari Community Inter Faith Fellowship Council of Jamaica Committee (IFFCJ), “Address to the IFFCJ: A Call for an end to the discrimination against the Rastafari Community; and the Official recognition, and Constitutional Incorporation of the Rastafari Culture/Faith and all other non-recognised Black Churches,” given at the Inaugural Launching of the IFFCJ, held at Kings House, Kingston, Jamaica, (December 1991); Pictures of both these historic events can be found in ibid, Mc Pherson, THE CULTURE HISTORY AND UNIVERSAL SPREAD OF RASTAFARI: TWO ESSAYS, pp. viii, 8, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25, 29, 34, 35 - respectively.

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton - A M. Sc. Student; Historian/Political Scientist and Sociologist, on The Diane Wright Show, (Jamaica Broadcast Corporation TV, Half Way Tree, Kingston, Jamaica ), (July 1992); also on this show were: Sis. Sandra Alcott - an Attorney-at-law; [the late] Sis. Daphney - a Youth Black Faith: Nyahbinghi Order of His Majesty earliest ‘Dawta’/member; Ras Miguel Lorne - an Attorney-at-law; Bro. Jimmy Tucker - a former head of the Caribbean Council of Churches/Musician, Philosopher and Historian; Ras Carrot Jarrett - a former member of Third World Band/Drummer.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P.., “THE ORIGINS AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE RASTAFARI MOVEMENT - A FIVE PART, on The Iniversal Rastafari Inity (IRI), of Harlem, USA, WNWK 105.9 F. M. RADIO Series,” July 1st-August 19th, 1993: Program No. 1: An Overview of the Ethio-Jamaican Culture-History - From 4470 B. C. to the 13th Century to 1932; Program No. 2: Specified Highlights of the Rastafari Precursors and Founders - from 1890s-1950s; Program No. 3: An Ethno-Americas History of The Coming of the Ethiopian World Federation, Incorporated (EWF) and Imperial Ethiopian World Federation, Incorporated (IEWF) - 1800s-1938-1984; Program No. 4: The EWF in Jamaica, U. K., USA, and the IEWF in the U. K. , Jamaica and the USA - 1938 - 1993; Program No. 5: Politics in the Rastafari Community - throughout the Diaspora and in Ethiopia; and Repatriation - 1932-1993, (A Joint Project between The Iniversal Rastafari Inity/IRI and the Black International Iyahbinghi Press and the Ethiopia Jamaica Society/EJS), July/August, 1993. See also “EWF, Inc. Minutes of the first EWF general members meeting that took place after the formation of the ENF, at the EWF, H.Q., on Tuesday March 29th 1994.”

Mc Pherson, E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.), “AN OVERALL PROFILE PROJECT SUMMARY. A Project Proposal Presented to the Smithsonian Institute, and Howard University, Washington D.C., U.S.A. - respectively, September 1993,18.4.94.”

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton/E.S.P., (TO: Bro. Richard Green Director, COURSE OUTLINE FOR: THE CROWN HEIGHTS YOUTH COLLECTIVE INC. COURSE TITLE: RASTAOLOGY - With a specific focus on: CULTURAL IDENTITY (SOVEREIGNTY) AND NATIONHOOD (A SINGLE AFRICAN GOVERNMENT), 18.4.94.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder, Co-Chairman Ethiopia Jamaica Society New York Chapter; Founder, Chairman Ethiopia National Front, Letter To: Rev. Dr. Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr. National Director of the Million Man March, Inc., 145 Kennedy Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20011 Fax: 202-726-8112; & The Hon. Minister Louis Farrahkhan, Chicago; & Minister Conrad Muhammad, Mosque No. 7, Harlem, N.Y., RE: ETHIOPIA JAMAICA SOCIETY N.Y. CHAPTER & ETHIOPIA NATIONAL FRONT - ETHIO-RASTAFARI COMMUNITY ENDORSES THE MILLION MAN MARCH: AN AFRICAN-AMERICAN HOLY DAY OF ATONEMENT. “The Beginnings of Universal Racial Awakening: Intra-Racial ‘Inity‘ (Unity),” 5. October. 95.

Mc Pherson, Ras Everton Co-Chairman of The Ethiopia Jamaica Society; Co-Chairman of Mo-Anbessa Provisional Steering Committee, “Letter To: His Imperial Highness/Majesty Of Ethiopia Emperor Amha Selassie I, Her Imperial Highness Empress Medferiah Work Of Ethiopia, His Imperial Highness Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie I; c/o Bro. Dr. Getachew Mekasha, Private Secretary of His Imperial Majesty, [dated] (September 4, 1992)”

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) – A Afro-Caribbean Historian, Political Scientist, Sociologist; Writer/Publisher; EJSNY/ ENF/ MOA; Rep. Ras Doe – Pres. elect of the coming EWF, Inc. Martinique – a invited visiting Guest; Ras Amlak – Pres. of EWF, Inc. Haile Selassie I Local No. 1, H. Q.; hosted by Bro. Richard Green - Principal of The Crown Heights Youth Collective/Community Activist, aired from Megar Evers College Radio, F. M., Brooklyn, “The Origins; History; Ethio-Rastafari/Jamaican links; Spread; Present Challenges; and Future of the EWF, Inc.” (Present also was Ras Firm Selassie, Rep. of the Nyahbinghi Order, who initiated the airing of this very historic program), April/Nov. 1994.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Chairman of the E.N.F.; Founder, Co-Chairman of The Ethiopia Jamaica Society; & Co-Chairman of Mo-Anbessa (Jamaica/New York), ETHIOPIAN SOVEREIGNTY & AFRICAN NATIONHOOD: VOICES FROM THE ETHIO-DIASPORA CALL FOR A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY - FEDERAL MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY; PRO-ACTIVE DUAL CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS; THE RESTITUTION OF THE LAND, NATIONAL ANTHEM AND THE TOTEMIC LION IN THE NATIONAL FLAG. A contributing Position Paper from The ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT (ENF) (New York/Jamaica) to The ETHIOPIAN CONSTITUTION COMMISSION and newly elected CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY - of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia, towards a Draft Constitution for the creation of a new Ethiopian Constitution. (A Paper sent to: THE ETHIOPIAN CONSTITUTION COMMISSION OF THE TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA; & THE NEWLY ELECTED CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, P. O. Box 40812, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), 27.5.94; ....8.94.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. – Founder Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY), Founder Co- Chairman of Moa- Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee), Founder, Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF), “(THE ETHIOPIA JAMAICA SOCIETY - NEW YORK CHAPTER LED) MEETING BETWEEN THE ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT AND THE DEPUTY AMBASSADOR, MR. FIFFHA, OF THE PERMANENT MISSION OF ETHIOPIA TO THE UNITED NATIONS, ON THE 11TH OF APRIL, 1994, AT 866 UN PLAZA, NEW YORK, U.S.A. THE QUEST OF ETHIOPIAN SOVEREIGNTY: AFRICAN NATIONHOOD AGENDA.”

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.), Founder Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF) - Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation [Inc.]; Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society - New York Chapter (EJSNY), ALL L. I. O. N. (LIBERTY IN OUR NATION WILL RETURN: RASTAFARI - A CONTINENTAL FEDERAL FORMULA (A Speech Presented to the Borough of Manhattan Community College/BMCC Student Government, at the Black Solidarity Day Celebration: THEME: “Unity Among The Family, Community, and Nation”, held on November 3, 1997) published July 1999; republication forthcoming 2001.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. B.A. (Hons) Founder Chairman of Ethiopian National Front (ENF) - Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation, “DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE RASTAFARI COMMUNITY & OUR PEOPLES: HUMAN RIGHTS IN JAMAICA/THE AMERICAS (An Interview between Lloyd D’Aguilla, Host of “Human Rights in America”, WBAI Radio Station, New York, USA, and Ras E.S.P. Mc Pherson, Founder Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society (EJS); Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee (USA/Jamaica); Founder Chairman of the National Anti-Apartheid Movement (NAM) A Southern African Liberation Committee; Ilect [Elect] of Throne of The Nyahbinghi Order of His Majesty Rastafari International Co-ordinating Working Committee (RICWC), (Manhattan, New York, USA, November 9th, 1993), RELEASED 2001; forthcoming re-publication 2001.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Negusa Nagast– Founder Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation - Promulgated, ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT (ENF) - EDUCATION & RESEARCH, ARTS & SCIENCE FOUNDATION, [INC.] CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS, [April 1995].

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. – Founder Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY), Founder Co- Chairman of Moa- Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee), Founder, Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF), RE: THE ENF/EJSNY/MO-ANBESSA ENDORSES THE IEWFIPP ELECTORAL BID IN THE UP COMING GENERAL ELECTION IN JAMAICA, LETTER TO: Ras Asento Foxe International Chairman of The Imperial World Federation Inc. Political Party (IEWFIPP), 27 Oxford Street, Kingston 7, Jamaica, B. W. I., 11. Dec. 97.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder Chairman of The Ethiopian National Front, 809 East Gunhill Road, Bronx, New York, N. Y. 10467, RE: THE ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT (ENF) SUPPORTS THE CANDIDACY OF REV. AL SHARPTON FOR MAYORS OF NEW YORK CITY, “A NEW VISION,” September 7th, 1997.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder Chairman of the ENF; Founder Co-Chairman of the EJSNY; Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (USA-NY/Jamaica) “SET THE PRISONERS OF WAR FREE!: REPATRIATION WITH REPARATIONS” THE ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT (ENF) - EDUCATION & RESEARCH, ARTS & SCIENCE FOUNDATION, [INC.]; ETHIOPIA JAMAICA SOCIETY - NEW YORK CHAPTER (EJSNY); MOA-ANBESSA (THE CONQUERING LION ORGANIZING COMMITTEE) (USA/ JAMAICA) SUBMISSION TO THE CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS ON USA POLICE BRUTALITY NATION-WIDE, FOR FEDERAL INQUIRY, Megar Evers College Auditorium, Brooklyn, New York, November 18th, 1997; and Letter TO: Hon. Rep. John Conyers, Jr. Chairman of The Congressional Hearings on USA Police Brutality Nation-wide, for Federal Inquiry, 2426 Rayburn Bldg., Washington D. C. 20515, USA, Phone.: 202-275-5126.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder Chairman of the ENF; Founder Co-Chairman of the EJSNY; Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (USA-NY/Jamaica), “Notes from Meeting between Ras E.S.P. Mc Pherson - The ENF/EJS-NY/Mo-Anbessa (/QS&PMM - Education & Research Foundation) and Mr. David Steinman, Economic Counselor to The Ethiopian Royal Family, held at [Patrick Jones offices -EJSNY/ENF Lawyer]…, East Gunhill Road, Bronx, New York; 2 p.m. - 7.30., 27. Sept. 97,” pp. 11-12. [Present: Ras Mc Pherson; Mr. Steinman - Economic Counselor to The Ethiopian Royal Family; Ras Claude Johnson - EJSNY Executive/ENF Executive; Sis. Juanita - ENF Executive]

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. - Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF); Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society - New York Chapter (EJSNY), “THE WATCHERS FROM WITHIN”: THE THRONE & THE CROWN A Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY), Mo-Anbessa (Conquering Lion Organizing Committee) (USA/Jamaica), Ethiopian National Front (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation, [Inc.] PRO-ACTIVE AGENDA, for Meeting between H. R. H. PRINCE BEKERE FIKRE-SELASSIE - ENDERASSE and VICEROY OF THE CROWN COUNCIL OF ETHIOPIA and RAS E.S.P. MC PHERSON - Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF);Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society - New York Chapter (EJSNY), held…. [in the] Bronx, on the 29th of January, 1998, [3. 40 p. m.-6.45 p. m.].

“ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT CONTINENTAL & DIASPORA PRO-ACTIVE SOVEREIGN CONSTITUTIONAL AGENDA: ‘World Leaders, what about Ethiopia? Africa must be free!” (1997); ratified on the 29th of January, 1998, at an Audience [/Meeting] between H. R. H. PRINCE BEKERE FIKRE-SELASSIE - ENDERASSE and VICEROY OF THE CROWN COUNCIL OF ETHIOPIA and RAS E.S.P. MC PHERSON - Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopian National Front (ENF);Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of the Ethiopia Jamaica Society - New York Chapter (EJSNY), held…. [in the] Bronx, on the 29th of January, 1998, [3. 40 p. m.-6.45 p. m.]

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P B. A. (Hons.) Founder, (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation, Inc.; Co-Chairman of MOA (USA-N. Y./Jamaica); (QS&PMM) – Education & Research Foundation; (EJSNY); (RICWC); (EHRC Holocaust Remembrance Committee:EHRC" -NY), RASTAFARI/ RASTAOLOGY: CULTURE, IDEOLOGY, POWER, & KNOWLEDGE. Towards the Development of “The New Education“ (/an ‘African-American’) Curricula (A Paper Presented to The Board of Education Title One Education Committee, Hyatt Hotel, Brunswick, New Jersey, New York City, U.S.A., Saturday June 6th, 1998).

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder, Chairman of The Ethiopian National Front (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation [Inc.]; Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee) (MOA) (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of The Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY); …Bronx, New York 10466, USA…WEBSITE: http://members.tripod.com/~rastaology E MAIL ADDRESS: rastaology @hotmail.com, Letter TO: The Rt. Hon. Meles Zenawe Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) c/o: His Excellency Ambassador Mr. Duri Mohammed Permanent Mission of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) to The United Nations, 866 Second Avenue 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10017, Tel. Ph.: 212-421-1830; Fax: 212-846-0266 RE: THE ETHIO-DIASPORA CRY! THE ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT (ENF) & MOA-ANBESSA (THE CONQUERING LION ORGANIZING COMMITTEE) CHARGES: ETHNOCIDE IN, & DISINTEGRATION OF, ETHIOPIA (/AFRICA), November 6, 1998.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. - Founder, Chairman of The Ethiopian National Front (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation [Inc.]; Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee) (MOA) (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of The Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY); …, Bronx, New York…, USA; Letter To: The Rt. Hon. Meles Zenawe, Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE), c/o: His Excellency Ambassador Mr. Duri Mohammed, Permanent Mission of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) to The United Nations, 866 Second Avenue, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10017, RE: THE ETHIO-DIASPORA CRY! THE ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL FRONT (ENF) & MOA-ANBESSA (THE CONQUERING LION ORGANIZING COMMITTEE) CHARGES: ETHNOCIDE IN, & DISINTEGRATION OF, ETHIOPIA (/AFRICA) November 6, 1998.” Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder, Chairman of The Ethiopian National Front (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation [Inc.]; Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee) (MOA) (USA/Jamaica; Founder, Co-Chairman of The Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY); c/o ..Bronx, New York, WEBSITE: http://members.tripod.com/~rastaology E MAIL ADDRESS: rastaology@hotmail.com : Letter TO: Ras Ronald Pennycooke President of The Ethiopian World Federation, Inc. (EWF) – Haile Selassie I/The First Local No. 1 H. Q.; & All other Local and International Executives of the EWF, 482 Ridgewood Ave. Brooklyn, New York N. Y. 11208 PHONE: 718-277-1547; November 27th, 1998; “RE: “Introducing the ENF/MOA Ethio-Rastafari International Agenda topics – directly -- concerning the charge of the EWF Inc. – H. Q.: An Invitation to the EWF to be present at the appointed reasoning with both the Ethiopian and Eritrean Governments/ Embassies.” Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. Founder, Chairman of The Ethiopian National Front (ENF) – Education & Research, Arts & Science Foundation [Inc.]; Co-Chairman of Moa-Anbessa (The Conquering Lion Organizing Committee) (MOA) (USA/Jamaica); Founder, Co-Chairman of The Ethiopia Jamaica Society – New York Chapter (EJSNY); c/o…., Bronx, New York 10466, USA…., Reports/Letter TO: H. R. H. Prince Ermias Sahle-Selassie Chairman of The Crown Council of Ethiopia - and H. R. H. Prince Bekere Fikre-Selassie Viceroy/Enderasse of The Crown Council of Ethiopia…..; RE: “EDUCATION FOR GOVERNANCE IN ETHIOPIA (: AFRICA):The Liberation of Ethiopia, Ethiopians, and the Ethio-diaspora,” November 19th, 1998.

Mc Pherson, Ras E.S.P. B.A. (Hons.) [M. Sc. Hons.], RASTAFARI/RASTAOLOGY: AN INDIGENOUS CULTURE AND SCHOLARSHIP IN THE MIDST OF THE AMERICAS. Notes Towards the incorporation of AFRO-CARIBBEAN STUDIES INTO THE NEW & EVOLVING AFRICAN-CENTERED CURRICULA OF THE USA EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, (Prepared for the C. E. P./Comprehensive Educational Plan, Inc. - for the Board of Education Title One Committee Conference, held at Megar Evers College, Brooklyn, (Saturday June 10th, 1999); (2507 Holland Avenue, Bronx, New York 10467, USA; Website: http://members.tripod.com/~rastaology E-Mail: kumina@tbol.net. “Minutes of A Meeting of the Rastafari Community, convened by the Centenary Committee for Rastafari (CCR), to ‘Report on the Tabernacle Building Project and to Reason on Developments for the future’, on Saturday 14th September, 1996, at the Triangle Musical Workshop, Dalston, London.” “`MO-ANBESSA’ THE CONQUERING LION Press Release,” June 1991.

“`MO-ANBESSA’ THE CONQUERING LION A CALL TO RALLY ALL ETHIOPIANS,” 1991, p. 2.

“STATEMENT BY HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY AMHA SELASSIE I REGARDING THE OPPORTUNE SITUATION IN ETHIOPIA,” 1991, p. 2.

“[Ras] Mr. Seymour Mc Lean, International Consultant, South Thames College (BTU), Batterse High Street, London SW11 SHR, United Kingdom, February 17, 1992, Letter to the African Development Bank.”

Ibid, “RIGHT THE SECRETARIAT OF The United Ethiopian National Solidarity Supreme Council For the Freedom RIGHTS of the Ethiopian People to The Imperial Ethiopian Federal Democratic Government. PRESS RELEASE,” April 1989.

“The reply of HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE 1st of ETHIOPIA to Donald Sangster, Kingston, Jamaica, 21st April, 1966, Jamaica, 21st April, 1996" ,” E.I.U.C./the Ethiopian International Unification Committee Newsletter, p. 1.

NEWSPAPER

“GARVEY AND SOUTHERN AFRICA,” (Agency for Public Information/A. P. I. feature, Jamaica Government), The Star, June-July, 1979/1984 [?], center-spread page, p. 13. Garvey, Dr. Julius, “A True Depiction Of The Garveys,” in “PBS MALIGNS GARVEY,” Caribnews (GARVEY SPECIAL), March 20, 2001, pp. 1, 4/21, 24. Garvey Jr., Marcus P.E. Jr., Marcus P.E:Garvey Jr., Marcus P.E" , “Garvey Family Dissatisfied With Film,” in “PBS MALIGNS GARVEY,” Caribnews (GARVEY SPECIAL), March 20, 2001, pp. 1, 4/21, 24. Garvey, Marcus, “A TRIBUTE TO HITLER AND MUSSOLINI,” THE BLACK MAN, June, 1935, Vol. 1, No. 7, p. 6.

Garvey, Marcus, “Abyssinia,” THE BLACK MAN (THE WORLD AS IT IS.), August, 1937, Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 15-16.

Garvey, Marcus, “Abyssinia and The League and The League" and The League" and The League" ,” THE BLACK MAN (THE WORLD AS IT IS.), September-October, 1936, Vol. I 1, No. 3, pp. 13-14.

Garvey, Marcus (Editor), “AMERICA AND ABYSSINIA,” THE BLACK MAN, Late July, 1935, Vol. 1, No. 8, pp. 1-2.

Garvey, Marcus (Ed.), “BUILDING A STATE,” THE BLACK MAN, March, 1938, Vol. III, No. 9, p. 3.

Garvey, Marcus, “Collecting Money for Abyssinia,” THE BLACK MAN (THE WORLD AS IT IS.), Late December, 1935, No. II, Vol. 1, No. I 1, p. 11.

Garvey, Marcus, “FIGHTING IN ABYSSINIA - THE EMPEROR RUNS,’ THE BLACK MAN, January, 1937, Vol. I 1, No. 5, pp. 1-2.

Garvey, Marcus (Ed.), “GONE MAD,” THE BLACK MAN, August-September, 1935, Vol. 1, No. 9, pp. 1-2.

Garvey, Marcus (Ed.), “HAILE SELASSIE AND BENITO MUSSOLINI.” THE BLACK MAN, March-April, 1937, Vol., 11, No. 6, pp. 1-2.

Garvey, Marcus (Ed.), “Italy’s Abyssinians Bonds,” THE BLACK MAN, May-June, 1936, Vol. I 1, No. 1, p. 6.

Garvey, Marcus (Ed.), “ITALY’S CONQUEST,” THE BLACK MAN, July-August, 1936, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 4-6.

Garvey, Marcus, “MORE LIGHT ON HAILE SELASSIE.’ THE BLACK MAN, January, 1937, Vol. I 1, No. 5, pp. 8-9.

Garvey, Marcus, “MUSSOLINI - SCOURGE OF GOD!” THE BLACK MAN, August-September, 1935, Vol. 1, No. 9, p. 4.

Garvey, Marcus, Negro World, March 17, 1923.

Garvey, Marcus, “OUR LESSON - REMEMBER, IT,” August-September, 1935, Vol. 1, No. pp. I I-12.

Garvey, Marcus, “SOUTH AFRICA.” In The Black Man (NEWS OF THE WORLD) (NEWS OF THE WORLD)" , Vol. II, August, 1937, No. 7, p. 7.

Garvey, Marcus, “SOUTH AFRICA,” The Black Man (THE WORLD AS IT IS) (THE WORLD AS IT IS)" , Vol. IV, June, 1939, No. 1, p. 11.

Garvey, Marcus, “SOUTH AFRICAN PROBLEM” In Marcus Garvey Garvey" (Edited), The Black Man (NEWS OF THE WORLD), Vol. II, May-June, 1936, No. 1, p. 7.

Garvey, Marcus, “THE BEAST OF ROME,” THE BLACK MAN, Late October, 1935, Vol. I No. 10, p. 7.

Garvey, Marcus, THE BLACK MAN (THE WORLD AS IT IS), Late July, 1935, Vol. 1, No. 8, p. 9.

Garvey, Marcus (Ed.), THE BLACK MAN, Late March, 1936, Vol. 1, No. 12, p. 1.

Garvey, Marcus (Edited), The Black Man (NEWS OF THE WORLD), Vol. 1 LATE July, 1935, No. 8, p. 19; taken from Daily Telegraph (London), July 11th, 1935

Garvey, Marcus, “THE BRUTAL CRIME,” THE BLACK MAN, Late December, 1935, No. II, Vol. 1, No. II, p. 4.

Garvey, Marcus, “The Brute of History,” THE BLACK MAN, May-June, 1936, Vol. II, No. 1, p. 3.

Garvey, Marcus, “THE FAILURE OF HAILE SELASSIE AS EMPEROR,” THE BLACK MAN, March-April, 1937, Vol. II No. 6, pp. 8-9.

Garvey, Marcus, “THE GREAT (?) WHITE MAN,” THE BLACK MAN August-September, 1935, Vol. 1, No. 9, p. 15.

Garvey, Marcus (Ed.), “The League of Nations?” THE BLACK MAN, May-June, 1936, Vol. II, No. 1, p. 5.

Garvey, Marcus, “THE NEGRO PROBLEM IN SOUTH AFRICA,” in The Black Man (Editorial), Vol. II, March-April, 1937, No. 6, page 3.

Garvey, Marcus, “The Patriots of Abyssinia,” THE BLACK MAN, July-August, 1936, Vol. 11, No. 2, p. 20.

Garvey, Marcus (Ed.), “THE WAR,” THE BLACK MAN, Late October, 1935, Vol. I No. 10, pp. 1-2.

Garvey, Marcus, “THE WAR BEGINS,” THE BLACK MAN, Late December, 1935, No. II, Vol. 1, No. II, pp. 9-11.

Garvey, Marcus, “THE WHITE MAN’S GAME; HIS VANITY FAIR (With Apology to All Honest Friends),” in The Negro World, Vol. XXII No. 5, New York, Saturday June 1927; see also ibid, Garvey, “The Tragedy of White Injustice,” in ibid, Robert A. Hill (Editor), MARCUS GARVEY LIFE AND LESSONS LIFE AND LESSONS" … 1987, pp. 119-139.

Garvey, Marcus, “THE WHITE MAN - SPIRIT OF MUSSOLINI” THE BLACK MAN, Late March, 1936, Vol. 1, No. 12, p. 10.

Garvey, Marcus, “Who and What is a Negro?” The Negro World, Garvey, April 1923, Volume II, Part 1.

“Garvey’s birth commemorated in Black Augusrt resistance forum@, DAILY CHALLENGE, August 16-18, 1996, p. 5.

“Garvey’s son take U.N.I.A. helm,” The Final Call, October 25, 1992, p. 5.

“Garvey, the Rastafarians and reggae music”, DAILY CHALLENGE (EDUCATION AND BOOKS), August 12, 1996, p. 5.

“JA’s PM blast US”, THE WEEKLY GLEANER (N. A.), September 27-October 4, 1996, p. 6.

“JA to start trade relations with South Africa,” THE WEEKLY GLEANER (N. A.), June 2-8, 95, p. 24.

“JA, Zimbabwe sign historic agreement,” The Sunday Gleaner, September 8, 1996, p. 1.

“Jamaica and Zimbabwe sign cooperation agreement,” DAILY CHALLENGE (CARIBBEAN ROUNDUP), November 13, 1996, p. 11.

“Jamaica restates support for African countries against apartheid,“ The Daily Gleaner, December 2, 1983, p. 11.

Worrill, Dr. Conrad W. W. Worrill" Guest Columnist, “Remembering Marcus Garvey Garvey" Garvey" Garvey" ’s birthday,” The Final Call (Perspectives), August 28, 2001, p. 23.

Younge, Gary, “Rastas Versus Royals Rastafarians have a bone to pick with the British Queen Queen" Queen" . They want Ethiopia’s looted artwork back where it belongs. Gary Younge reports on a post-Colonial issue complicated by accusations of racism by accusations of racism" .” THE AFRICAN OBSERVER (Feature), March 20-25, 1997, p. 8 [N. B. pictures: Ras Seymour Maclean + British Queen].

Zamgba, Browne, J., Browne, J.:Zamgba, Browne, J." , “Rastaman in Guam pleads to make ganja legit,” THE NEW YORK AMSTERDAM NEWS (CARIBBEAN UPDATE 2001), November 8-November 14, 2001, p. 14.

ANNEX 1 CHAPTER 7 The Impending Constitutional Change: Cultural Empowerment, or, concessionary ploy: “apartheid camouflage” 308a; The Moral Justification for Violence in an polarized society

“If the society is polarized, then its may be reasonable to infer that political change will be abrupt, revolutionary and presumably violent.... There is no neutral ground, of detachment from the struggle which drives all strata in opposing camps.

Clearly,… it represents revolutionary ideology.

...A quite different response to the threat of violence is by way of ‘concessions,’ and these may in fact reduce the probability of violence...

Underlying the belief in the illusory nature of concessions is the assumption that the initiative rests entirely with the dominant group.” 1

Revolutionary Action NOW threatens the existing paradigm, and is attempting to break “the theological hierarchy” and “liberalism.” Providing the impending constitutional change of the Jamaican Government (and Opposition) really culturally empower Our People, while constitutionally protecting ALL declared citizens; and, such a constitutional process is directly rooted in true democratization (i.e. the empowerment of The People to Govern themselves), A New political theory, philosophy, ideology: CULTURE, will emerge. Such will influence and effectuate the system of social organization and ideology of this polarized society that has been ascriptively labeled “plural.”

Failure in this regard, to effectuate genuine radical transformation through proper constitutional implementation, will only lead to, “...a freak, unplanned Revolution...”, that will set “...the country afire by default” 2; “VIOLENCE”: the collective action of A People will be the spearheading weapon to tear down the moral facade of the ruling tyrants. Such a collective struggle will produce A New Consciousness, that will serve as an instrument of energizing The People for the building of a New Societal Structure. Thus, fulfilling that long desire for popular and responsive Government.

Any illusionary concessionary attempt by the ruling class: its political and bureaucratic allies, and its informed minority middle class, will only lead to the (further) moral justification of the use of violence by The oppressed People upon ‘the system’ and its functionaries who continually perpetuate the “polarization” of the society, through their ‘developed’ heartless, ruthless and cultureless, “ideology of development” ; which has only created a general tension between the ideological image and the social reality of this society (and region). The Rastafari Community’s vocal and active involvement in this proposed impending constitutional change, rests upon their continued quest for recognition by the system of their declared: “ETHIOPIAN SOVEREIGNITY”, that has been denied The Community (and Our People-) who have been denied their right of asserting their African Identity and true Persona), through colonial, and now, post-colonial independence governments-of-the-day. This Struggle for Our Sovereign Status - that is politically and legally (Universally) within the constitutionality of due laws, makes it incumbent on The Rastafari Community to speak out and take-a-stance, within this constitutional-debate, been aired by the respective media houses, and is so rife among the informed middle class minority.

The Rastafari Community’s constitutional stance and perspective, represents a primary critique of the so-called ‘description’ of the society in terms of been “plural”: “multiracial”/”non-racial”; where a nonsensical motto as: “Out of Many, One People”, cannot be fulfilled in a society that continues to deny the Rastafari Community its basic Human Rights, while denying The majority of The People mere basic humane standard of living and institutional social services. In the words of Prof. Nettleford, this local Black National concern and obligation practiced by the Rastafari Community is thus expressed as:

“The Rastafarian belief in the divinity of Haile Selassie, and indeed, in the divinity of all mankind, has fanned out into a humanistic philosophy of the brotherhood of man perceived through the eyes and experience of diasporic Africans. Jamaica’s population is 96 per cent of African ancestry, though a great many among them see the need for a non-racial world rooted in the dignity of man. Its much challenged motto is `Out of Many, One People’-an inspiration that is yet to be a fact. It is the hope of the Rastafarians, as it is of the wider society, that that promise will in time yield to fulfillment.... a ,sense of place continues to be guaranteed by commitment to the native religion .” 3 (my emphases.)

The end result of any constitutional change: CULTURAL EMPOWERMENT, and, or, HOPE for the realization of National Liberation, would have to read:

“That Black People, involving Rastafari, be fully recognized as the majority culture in the land. And that Black People be seen fruitfully, as the basic grassroots emphasis as a strategy for developing the country on a permanent basis. That Black People be accepted as the Majority Culture; to promote a proper motto: `OUT OF ONE GOD, MANY PEOPLES and RACES and CULTURES’.” 4 (my emphases.)

Thus, in a properly created Constitution, the “multiracialism”, behind which a great deal of discrimination and racism are concealed, would be ripped apart; and, the deluding an ascriptive: “myth of a harmonious multi-racial society,” would be, “blasted into nothingness,” as Dr. Walter Rodney had put it. 5313

This constitutional concern of the Rastafari Community has already been aired in Chapters 5 and 6 of this work. At the July 17th 1988 IEWF Inc. hosted Conference, held at the Jamaica Conference Centre, entitled: “UNITY IN DIVERSITY MEETING”, agenda topic “No.5”, called for: “Official recognition leading to active participation.”

At the IEWF Annual end of year Conference, on the 23rd of Decmber 1990, the agenda “b)”/”No.2” topic read “The question of Rasta’s political view in a developing Jamaica in the light of a constitutional change (how Rasta would react).”

In Chapater 5 also, we saw where Bongo Blackheart, the Communal Head of the Royal Ethiopian Juda Coptic Church, fully supported “the constitutional approaches” of the IEWF, challenging the Government: “the Constitution”-for the right to be J.Ps., for social rights, and representation.

The very latent and subtle effectual press censorship actions of The Daily Gleaner establishment, that has so recurrently been used against the IEWF’s literate efforts to inform the Public of the Rastalogical (and IEWF’s) perspectives on a number of issues, also reflected the necessity for Rastafari’s active involvement within this constitutional debate. The very topics dealt with at The Nyahbinghi Order of His Majesty hosted National Assembly, held 17th-18th, 1990, also reflected the need for the Community to be constitutionally concerned about any impending change. Here at this “Assembly”, ALL the Workshop Reasonings touched upon constitutional concerns, directly or indirectly. This was very much so in particularly, at the Repatriation and Human Rights Workshops, respectively. And here too we must take careful note of that historic presentation made by Abuna Blackheart, hearkening to the Community to face its ultimate constitutional responsibility of “Governing” over Our People. The Community’s involvement in this `constituitional debate’, is very much a natural one, based on the the on-going constitutional concerns of the Rastafari Community.

As our Part 2 of this work unfolds Readers will see that this constitutional focus, is a primary one of the Community’s developmental outlook: e.g., from as early as Sunday April 18, 1982 at the November the Second meeting held on the Mona, UWI campus, their Committee aimed at the building of a Common Front of The People and the Rastafari Community working together for the religious, social, and ecumenical development of the Rastafari Community, as an “institutional body” with a recognized front. Here too at this meeting of the November the Second Committee, the constitutional implications of the ‘Catholic Report’ of 1982 6314 , that recognized the Rastafari Faith as a legitimate “religion” in the U.K., was been discussed at a Community level, to unravel the ideological implications in the local Jamaican Rastafari Community and society at large. Apart of this November the Second meeting agenda read: “1. Catholic Report; 2. Dialogue with Roman Catholic Church and other Church Bodies in terms of creating the strategy to Approach the Government dealing with the issue of Official Recognition of the Rastafarian Movement in Jamaica.” 7

The refusal of the Joint parliamentary Select Committee to incorporate the Judah Coptic Church, on October 27th, 1987, on the grounds that, ‘ganja’/herbs, cannot be seen as a “sacrament”, as the Rastafari Community would have it; and should be as such seen as an illegal drug offence, is to be noted. In addition to this Rasta Community’s quest, we should also remember that a Parliamentary Sub-Committee of the mid 1970s PNP Government had refused to decriminalize “the herbs”, as a sacrament: smoking, nutritional, herbal curative plant utilized by the Rastafari Community. And again it is hearkening to know that it was the said: Jah Lloyd that had presented the case of the then “Issemble of Elder” brethrens.

So from a Rastafari perspective, the decriminalization of “the herbs”; and the recognition of its use: “sacramental,” by the Rastafari Community (and the majority of Our People) MUST also be enshrined in any drafted New Constitution. It must be seen as “unconstitutional”, for Jamaica to be a signatory of a Drug Convention with America, and, ironically, the U.S. still persists to grow the most ‘ganja’ on their respective state-farms, for pharmaceutical purposes and the fulfillment of local smoking demands. Many States in the U.S. have differing laws that govern the smoking, growing and possession of “the herbs”; while Jamaica has to ‘toe-the-line’ of a Drug Convention, that is hurting THE SOUL OF ITS ECONOMY AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE PROBLEM. (And here we should note that many of the professional luminaries of this society, have long advocated the “de-criminalization” of “the herbs”, as columnist - Dr.( Prof.) Carl Stone, Dr. L. G. Lampart (former S.M.O. of the Bellevue Hospital), columnist - Dawn Ritch, and former M.P. - Earl Spencer. As such, the call for the “de-criminalization”, is not an exclusivist one-of the Rastafari Community.)

One Rastafari Community, the EABIC - the Ethiopian African Black International Congress -, has been “dismayed” at the plans afoot to change the constitution: “The [Ethiopia Africa Black International Congress Church of Salvation says it views `with dismay’ the move by government to establish a Parliamentary Committee to examine amendments for legislative ratification to the Jamaican Constitution Order in Council (1962). The Congress also said that the appointment of an acting Governor General is a precursor to the changes contemplated in the constitution to herald the institution of a republican system of government.

The Congress, through King Emmanuel Charles Edwards, a royal Ethiopian crown head, in a release issued yesterday, demanded that the government ‘abandon its present review of the constitution.’

‘Let the legislature of this country be warned that we are prepared to resist any attempts to tamper with the present constitution to advance the narrow objectives of a few self-seeking men.’ Edwards said.

He said the people of this country, the majority of whom are of black African descent, ‘reject the promulgation of an amended constitution which will effectively rob them of their rights under the present constitutional arrangements.’

In addition, he said his group wished to note the long-standing grievances with successive administrations on the question of the legitimate claims of the majority of blacks in this country for repatriation to Africa as well as the necessary reparations.

‘We continue to warn our people that their Salvation lie in freeing themselves from the bondage of this alien land, and find accommodation in their rich motherland, Africa,’ the release said.

Edwards said his organisation ‘will [no] longer be fooled with the symbolic political manipulations of the present order.’” 8 (my emphases)

Other cultural nationalists have aired reservations at this impending process-for constitutional change to a republican status system, e.g. Bro. Cyril Stewart - a renowned UNIA - Garvey activist and regular writer to the print media, in response to the impending constitutional change and elitist nature of such and the recent temporary appointment of a G. G., in letter to the Editor, entitled, “Creating a new constitution,” Daily Gleaner, March 31, 91, warned:

“Are the affairs of this country to be manipulated to serve some ‘top national figure’? What do they think this nation is? Their own personal property?” 9

Other cultural nationalist groups as the Jamaica Progressive League (JPL), set out the historic and cultural pretext for a proper constitutional change, and “adoption of a Republican Constitution” (which are in no way different from the Rastafari Communities, that are desirous of such a change, enshrining their localised “Rights”). With strong emphasis on the rights of “self-determination,” they declared in part :

“...We, the people of Jamaica, heirs and successors of a heritage of resistance to slavery, tyranny and colonialism, declare, that this nation has the human and natural resources for self-management and organisation around its own interests.

We declare, further, that the nation’s best interests are not served when its citizens are regarded and treated as an orphan people, in spite of the development of a substantial group of our educated sons and daughters; hence, our nationals now resolves to participate, with integrity, as a more responsible and resourceful member of the international community.

Declarations

In accordance with these declarations, and inspired by the heroic intellectual and cultural legacy of the Marcus Garvey and other advocates for Jamaica’s real independence. We resolve that after three hundred and thirty (330) years of colonialism and three (3) decades of national, political negligence, the time has come to fashion an improved cultural, social, economic and political order in which more citizens learn to practice self-worth, reliance, sufficiency and greater productivity; to implement an integrated educational programme of reciprocal rights and duties of citizenship, highlighting just relationships, of kindness, humility, care, and protection of the disabled, old and retired, and respect for our children and women, the guardians of our future.

Our firm resolve now is to shape a new civilisation, with fundamental distinctions between life under the governance of British Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism, and life under the responsible governance of thoughtful and caring Jamaicans.

To this end we believe that human well-being will be successfully cultivated and sustained throughout our country; and we believe, further, and have decided that ‘to plan and work for what we expect to have in life, are the surest and most honourable means to our enjoyment of a free, stable and democratic society.

So, working ‘from the ground up, we now call for the abolition of the present constitution: Order in Council, 1962, by Referendum, and for the adoption of a Republican Constitution, which provides for a system of Reciprocal Rights, Responsible (Duties) and assurances.” 10 (my emphases)

Most commentators of the “informed minority” have also expressed their reservations for true genuine constitutional changes occurring, 11 while giving support and advise for the truest of changes to be drafted and implemented. 12 Most of all, this constitutional debate has shown up quite clearly, the excessive amount of POWER that was handed over to the politicians, through the adoption of this ‘first cross the post’ parliamentary ‘democratic’ system. 13 In this call for the deepening, or, put more correctly, the creation of-the democratic process in the Jamaican political system, some writers and social movement (as the Rastafari Community and Muslims) have called for the active role of The Church, to be seen and be felt. This is so as the Church has the largest social network throughout the country, with deep community roots. 14

The Rastafari Community as an Emancipator Movement, that perceives of itself as not only “A CHURCH,” but, “A SOCIAL MOVEMENT,” sees it as A Moral obligation to be an active participant in the creation of a Republican type of State, regionally federated and cooperatively developed - as enshrined by a proper developed Constitution. 15 Such a Republican status would entrench the Rights of ALL; would see to it that “co-operatives” be written in the Constitution; 16 and that there be a distinct separation between he State and the Church, 17 so that matters as for example, the incorporation of the Churches, be left to the appropriate specialists of the society, who in consort with the rest of the civil society (including public serving politicians) decide upon such incorporations; and, that there be a Citizen Review Board 18 - to work with, and, overlap with the Judiciary, Ombudsman, Contractor General and Security Force-in the maintaining of Law and Order.

The Rastafari Community’s perception of A New Constitution that would extensively seek to guarantee at all cost the prisms of a honest government, inspire understanding among Our People, provide employment and educational opportunities for the youths and unemployed/underemployed majority; while embracing self-respect through a culture practiced self-control and development of self-reliance, than be dependent on alien norms, agencies and emporiums - that have debased Our People over the years.

All in all, a New Constitution would seek to prevent once and for all the subversion of the constitution by “politicians”, as is now been done 19; radically transform a debased political culture, whose “political-unionism”, so-called “bipartisanship,” and engrained tribalism, have only breed victimization, patronage and clientism: mal-development, the mismanagement and misallocation of resources, for ALL to equally share within.

Therefore, if this constitutional ‘reform’ is not to be only a mere “superficial republic status, or ceremonial president” issue 20: “a mere redecorating of the family apartment, the unsatisfactory foundations remaining unchanged simply to satisfy the family pride of some of its numbers who wish to appear like the Jones’ next door,” 21 then the majority of Our People MUST become involved.

The present move afoot by the IEWF Inc., in their continued “constitutional approach”, to make the Rastafari be recognized as an, “institutional body,” have seen them-in their preparation to make their submission to the “Bi-partisan Committee,” enlist the services of the renowned Barrister: Lord Gifford, as their Legal Adviser. This is another concrete means through which the Voice of The Voiceless: The Majority of Our People and the Rastafari Community, will be heard. Such a submission will represent an input from “the Grassroots People”, into the `debate’ on the impending Constitutional change (/‘reform’!). Our People-individually, and as respective interests groups, MUST approach the bipartisan committee with concrete proposals for this constitutional change; through which, “creative democratic mechanism should be put in place so that the smallest voice can be heard”; and, thus ensuring that the 66% majority vote required for a constitutional change-which no JLP or PNP government of the day has ever had, will be a majority vote that transcends the institutionalized attempts to perpetuate themselves, while asking The People to be only spectators in, “an act of rebellion against the people”/”an act of revolution”. 22

We need to note that in every country where such a political subversion has been further deepened by such a proposed constitutional rebellion, “...instability and a period of almost total chaos”, has been the outcome. 23

There will have to be a “National Dialogue” and the creation of “a Constituent Assembly” 24, which will not be centered around the questions of British Royalty and colonial political symbols, to ensure that some washed-up-elected “Bi-Partisan Committee” and the ritual voting procedures not be the routes for determining the FUTURE and that of OUR UNBORN TO COME - here in Jamaica.

The deep cynicism and open contempt for politicians and the political process which has been developing overtime 25 is more than evident to ALL. In the words of Prof. George Lamming:

“The political party in our cultural context has now become too dysfunctional for our comfort. The party is today the greatest obstacle to independent critical debate of national and regional issues and the dubious tradition of patronage forces the ruling party to be a major source of a public corruption.” 26

The creative possibilities for a (‘third Party’/) New Alternative approach to Governance and Development, e.g. the N.G.Os.- Non-Governmental Organizations, that should be non-party led and formed, will have to be Community based centered. They will have to be a concentric network of a village federated type of Self-Reliance administration set in place. These cooperative based units, will have to be People focused and People led. This opportunity lies on the door steps of the Jamaican populace, and only awaits the creative will of The People to implement such a form of social organization.

Liberal writers as, Prof. Carl Stone, and neo-Marxist revisionists as Dr. Trevor Munroe have been hinting towards such a new alternative. 27 Failure to exploit this opportunity; failure to promote true radical transformation of Our Constitution and society; failure by The People in building a new kind of political culture-that is rooted in African Morality and African Communalism, while focusing on the psycho-cultural (i.e. spiritual) and other structural relationships between, “the center of power/center of resistance to that power”, and the concepts of SELFHOOD: FAMILY HOOD: NATIONHOOD and SELF-DETERMINATION, would have led to the loss in he quest of and search for, a new cultural formation.

The role of the NGOs, and Social Movements and their Leaders, are the ones we NEED to begin to study for social transformation, cultural change (“modernization”), economic development: the eradication of poverty materially and psychologically to begin... 28

1 See Leo Kuper's, "Chp. 3 Ideologies of Violence among Subordinate Groups," in, RACE, CLASS, AND POWER Ideology and Revolutionary Change in Plural Societies (Duckworth, 1974), pp. 76-77.

2 See Steve Mc Donald, "The Question of Race and the Concept of Liberation", (1987).

3 See Rex Nettleford, "The Caribbean: The Cultural Imperative and The fight against Follisy Tastes" Caribbean Affairs, April-June, 1989, Vol. 2 No.2, p.24.

4 ibid, Mc Donald, "The Question...", p.23.

5 See Dr. Selwyan Ryan, "The 1970 Revolt-Revolution or Failed Revolution" Caribbean Affairs, April-June, 1990, Vol.3 No.2, p.166.

6 See "Rastafarians in Jamaica and Britain" Notes & Reports No.10 The Catholic Commission for Racial Justice, Jan. 1982; See Rex Nettleford, "Britain recognises Rastafari?" ARISE, Vol. 1 No.1 Aug. 1982, pp. 57-8.

7 See "Second November 1980 Committee Six-Weeks Report," (1982), p.1.

8 See "Church `dismayed' over moves to adjust Order in Council" The Jamaica Record, April 4, 1991, p.2.

9 See Cyril Stewart 81 Church Street, Kingston April 4, 91, "Creating a new constitution" The Daily Gleaner (Letter to the Editor), April 12, 1991, p.7.

10 See "Preamble to a summary proposal for constitutional change," The Jamaica Record, June 12, 91, p.7.

11 See Dawn Ritch, "It's not the Constitution that needs changing...but the people," The Sunday Gleaner, April 28, 1991, p.8A; See Ken Jones, "We don't need a new Constitution," The Sunday Gleaner (Opinions), April 28, 1991.

12 See Carl Stone, "Do MPs really work?" The Daily Gleaner (Opinions), March 11, 1991, pp. 6, 19; See D. K. Duncan, "‘D. K.' wants further checks to abuse. Call for constitutional review. Increase for,” The Jamaica Record, March. 24, 1991, p.2A; See D. K. Duncan, "Democratisation - its effects on our economic and political life," The Sunday Gleaner (Opinions), April 7, 1991, p.7A; See D. K. Duncan, "There is an urgent need for constitutional reforms" The Sunday Gleaner, April 14, 1991, p.7A; See D. K. Duncan, "What legacy for the next generation?" The Sunday Gleaner, p. 21, 91, p.7A; See Carl Stone, "A what name so?," The Daily Gleaner (Opinions), June 5, 91, p.6; See Colin Curtis Russell, First of five part, "A Constitution for Jamaica," The Jamaica Record, June 25, 91, p.6; See Colin Curtis second of a five part series, "A Constitution for Jamaican Representation and accountability," The Jamaica Record, June 26, 91, p.6. Justice James Kerr, "Need for Constitutional Changes" The Sunday Gleaner, July 7, 91, p.7A.

13 Op. cit, Kerr, "Need for Constitutional Changes"; "The Jamaican Constitution, dictatorship or democracy? Too much power in one hand," The Jamaica Record, May 13, 91, p.6; "Constitutional forum... Too much power in political hands," The Daily Gleaner, July 3, 91, p. 3: "This is the 8th and final part of a series of articles in the Jamaica Record by distinguished attorney-at-law, Bertham Macaulay, Q.C.".

14 See Carl Stone, "Are we ready for change?" The Daily Gleaner, April 17, 91; "The Church's moral and social obligations," The Sunday Gleaner, June 30, 91, p.7A.

15 The Jamaica Liberation Movement political party and the EATUP Manifesto, represents such a Republican model, that the Rastafari Community envisages. And it will be next dealt with in CHAPTER 8 of this work. A critique of the Jamaica Progressive League's proposed "republican status" (see footnote 318 above for the JPL's proposal), was recently made by, Carl Wint, "CONSTITUTION JPL's flabby thinking," The Daily Gleaner, August. 2, 1991, p.6.

16 See Michael Burke, "Changing the Constitution," The Jamaica Record (Commentaries), May 13, 1991, p.7.

17 Ibid, Social Science Perspectives (Papers Presented to Symposium on "SOCIAL CHANGE: Christian and Social Science Perspectives" Dept. of Economics, UWI, Mona, Ja., W.I., 1987 (Department of Economics, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston. 7, Jamaica., W.I., 1987); See Ian Boyne, "Religious constitution needed?" The Sunday Gleaner (RELIGION), Aug. 11, 91, p.12A.

18 ibid, Dawn Ritch, "It's not the constitution that needs changing"; ibid, Michael Burke, "Changing the Constitution."

19 Ibid, "Proposed unconstitutional action by PNP and JLP M.Ps", The Jamaica Record (Commentaries), May 23, 1991, p. 7.

20 Ibid, D.K. Duncan, "There is an urgent need for constitutional reforms."

21 Ibid, "Proposed unconstitutional action...".

22 Op. cit.

23 Op. cit.

24 See "Edward Seaga calls for Constituent Assembly .To debate constitutional reform," The Daily Gleaner, May 22, 1991, 3.

25 Ibid, "`D. K.' wants further checks to abuse..."

26 See Professor George Lamming, "Integration and participatory development," The Jamaica Record (Commentaries), February 15, 1991, p. 7.

27 See Carl Stone, "A new kind of politics" The Daily Gleaner (Opinions), July 3, 1991, pp. 6, 10:

"...But there are no channels for the people to participate and the political parties try to lock the people out of any say in what is going on. This is partly what is behind the intense surge of middle class interest in constitutional reform....

The present system of parish-run Local Government is out of date and unworkable while power has been more and more concentrated in the hands of government ministers, centralised government agencies and a top-heavy Kingston-based administrative bureaucracy.

We need to decentralise power and break up the massive concentration of bureaucracy and political power in Kingston through a more viable system of regional governmental administration (eastern parishes, western parishes, central parishes and the Corporate Area and urban St. Catherine) that gives more autonomy to people at these local levels to run their own affairs and develop their sections of the country.

Decentralised management ....We need to create new networks of community organizations and to draw on the largely untapped leadership resources across the island in non-party organizations that should have a role to play in a more decentralised system of administration.

We have to develop a capability for community management. Nothing is going to move unless we can combine some capital with disciplined labour inputs to provide hope of income and employment for poor people at the community level.

Production ....The corporate sector in big business must be encouraged and enticed to assist in this development. Politics must be harnessed to creating wealth and income as against just spending and redistributing it which is our inherited political tradition.

Political parties must learn to share power with civic and community organizations and break down the empire building which feeds party tribalism, corruption and patronage. The church groups, the farmers' groups, the youth groups, the citizens associations, the trade union locals and all other similar organizations must have a role to play in managing public affairs at the local level.

Representation The people we elect to represent us in constituencies should be employed full time as coordinators of local development…

....They must also help to facilitate new investments, community self-help projects, fund raising for worthy causes, and the mobilisation of community anti-drug, anti-vandalism and anti-crime initiatives.

Community-centered politics has to be the new direction ....to develop within our citizens a sense of responsibility for how things are run in the country…

The present political structure of management in the country is bankrupt and needs drastic changes. Replacing the PNP and JLP with new faces won't help even if we change the constitution. We need a new kind of politics..." (my emphasis) See also, Dr. Trevor Munroe, "Towards new wine in new wineskins," The Jamaica Record, March. 25, 90, pp.3A, 5A:

"...They are in fact quite active in a growing community of non-party, non-governmental organisations (what the Italian Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, would have described as `civil society'), parent-teachers associations, professional societies and bodies, community groups, citizen associations, voluntary agencies, church-affiliated groups, economic interest groups, economic interest groups appear to attract the attention and involvement of many patriotic, intelligent and energetic Jamaicans…

...Hence the more the state is disconnected from civil society the more urgent and necessary it becomes to carry through the radical reforms necessary to render the state and its officials more representative of and accountable to the people…

...This leads me to speculate on the form which alternative politics to be more effective-is likely to assume. It is certainly not going to get anywhere in the state power so long as it remains loose, shapeless and inchoate

...First of all, the alternative has to allow and to encourage a different quality of democracy within its own ranks that has proven possible within the PNP, the JLP and the old WPJ. Secondly, and connected to this, members of such an organisation would need to have a significant level of autonomy and self-direction. The centre of leadership would not normally be able to impose its will in a PNP-JLP-WPJ way. On the contrary, it would hold a position similar to as Federal government exercising powers in spheres explicitly ceded to it by its constituent elements.

Finally, these individuals and organisations are likely to associate themselves together not initially at least, on the basis of any detailed political or economic programme. Rather on the basis of general principles stressing Democracy, Social Justice, Morality and National Development with explicit priority on the interest of the disadvantaged.

My impression is that the raw materials of an Alternative Formation are already taking shape in the alienation from the PNP-JLP and in the myriad organisations, leaders, ideological orientations increasingly evident in civil society.

Indeed, spontaneously and through conscious effort, sometimes through fire and brimstone alternatives are already being born and nurtured in the media (e.g. The Jamaica Record), in the labour movement (e.g. the UAWU), in business (e.g. the ICIs), in the Church, in culture, etc.

Life is likely to require closer networking and association among these alternatives. In facilitating this, the challenge of alternative leadership is going to be to avoid opportunism, to avoid rushing and to display timing and tact…

....To halt stagnation and move forward from where we are now however, requires and is likely to give rise to not another stifling unitary party but an organised coalition of all who stand for alternative politics..."

28 See "Julius Nyerer tells meetings in Geneva How NGO's can help the South," South Letter, Number 8 October 1990, pp. 6-7; "What the report says on NGO's," op. cit, p. 7; see also Neville C. Duncan, Ph.D. UWI, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados, "THE CARIBBEAN AND ALTERNATE DEVELOPMENT (Paper presented to a Symposium in honor and appreciation of PROFESSOR GEORGE BECKFORD, Ph.D. Sponsored by the Faculty of Social Sciences, Univ. of the West Indies, Mona Campus and the Fredrich Ebert Stiftung Inst.), section called: "THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS," pp. 7-8. A local example of A Grassroots created, organised and run NGO, is: "THE-LOW INCOME FAMILY FOUNDATION." It is the brain-child of Bro. Ben Munroe. He has set out a: "ten year community reconstruction and development programme to secure the future of 60,000 families in proper homes, profitable small farming, industries and services."

Already he has the institutional commitment of the UWI Social Science Faculty and ISER, among a high quality cadre of personnel from campus and the Grassroots, to effectuate the accomplishment of this ambitious and needed task. The First Steering Committee Meeting took place on May 14th, 1991, at the Webster Memorial United Church Hall.

This programme is been made possible by the entrepreneurial backing of some Afro-American business men, to the tune of over US$700,000. And it is noteworthy to observe that the governments-of-the-day, all refused to give this Movement its needed support; as it was not another one of their created 'political magic-formula,' that would continue their client-patronage-type of 'politics'.

This move is to be supported by US ALL; and as the time progress, the public will be made more aware and abreast of these activities